The average US commuter lost 63 hours to traffic congestion in 2024, the most the Texas A&M Transportation Institute has ever measured, even as remote and hybrid work reshaped when and where people travel (Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 2025 Urban Mobility Report). The time at stake is large: working from home saves an average of 72 minutes per day across 27 countries (NBER Working Paper 30866, 2023), and about 13.3% of US workers worked from home in 2024 (US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2024). Workers who did not give up the office moved away from it instead: city centers in the 12 largest US cities lost 8% of their 2019 population to net outflows, and 58% of the households that left stayed in the same metro (Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom, PNAS 2024). Flexible workspace operators are following them, with IWG reaching 4,974 centres by mid-2026 and signing locations in towns of fewer than 5,000 people. We aggregated data from the US Census Bureau, the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, IWG plc filings, CoworkingCafe, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, CBRE, Eurostat, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and peer-reviewed research in PNAS, Nature Human Behaviour and Smart Cities. For the office-attendance side of the same story, see our hybrid work mandate compliance statistics.
TL;DR
- The average commuter lost 63 hours to congestion in 2024, a record (Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 2025 Urban Mobility Report).
- Mean one-way commute was about 27.2 minutes in 2024, vs 27.6 in 2019 (US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year; ACSBR-018).
- 9.3% of US commuters traveled 60 minutes or more each way in 2024 (US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year).
- Working from home saves 72 minutes per day on average across 27 countries (Aksoy et al., NBER Working Paper 30866, 2023).
- In-office and hybrid workers spend about 55 dollars per office day, 37 dollars more than on a remote day (Owl Labs, State of Hybrid Work 2025).
- 58% of households that left big-city centers moved further out within the same metro (Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom, PNAS 2024).
- Remote work explains over half of the 18.9% rise in US real house prices from 2019 to 2023 (Mondragon and Wieland, FRBSF Working Paper 2022-11, revised 2025).
- IWG grew its network 17% to 4,974 centres by June 30, 2026 and signed 728 new centres in H1 2026 (IWG H1 2026 results).
- The US had 9,384 coworking locations in Q2 2026, 2.34% of the commercial real estate market tracked (CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026).
- The median US resident makes only 14% of consumption trips within a 15-minute walk of home (Abbiasov et al., Nature Human Behaviour 2024).
- 14.4% of EU workers aged 20-64 sometimes worked from home in 2025, up from 9.2% in 2019 (Eurostat, lfsa_ehomp).
1. How Long Americans Commute in 2026
The commute did not disappear after 2020; it thinned out. About 22.0 million of 165.4 million US workers worked from home in 2024, a share of 13.3% (22,026,372 / 165,360,450), down from 17.9% in 2021 but still more than double the 5.7% of 2019 (US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year, tables B08301 and B08303 via Census Reporter; Census Bureau, Commuting in the United States: 2022). For everyone else, the trip is about as long as it was before the pandemic.
The aggregate travel time reported in ACS table B08135 (3,895,171,300 minutes) divided by the 143,334,080 workers who commuted gives a mean of about 27.2 minutes one way in 2024, slightly below the 27.6 minutes of 2019 and above the 26.4 minutes of 2022. The long tail matters most for suburban workspace demand: 9.3% of commuters spent 60 minutes or more getting to work in 2024 ((9,017,169 + 4,277,010) / 143,334,080), and 3.0% spent 90 minutes or more. Those are the workers for whom a desk closer to home saves the most.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Workers who worked from home, 2024 | 13.3% (22.0 million of 165.4 million) | US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year (B08301) |
| Worked from home, 2019 / 2021 / 2022 | 5.7% / 17.9% / 15.2% | US Census Bureau, ACSBR-018 (2024) |
| Mean one-way travel time, 2019 / 2022 / 2024 | 27.6 / 26.4 / about 27.2 minutes | US Census Bureau, ACSBR-018; ACS 2024 (B08135, B08303) |
| Commuters traveling 60 minutes or more, 2024 | 9.3% (13.3 million) | US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year (B08303) |
| Commuters traveling 90 minutes or more, 2024 | 3.0% (4.3 million) | US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year (B08303) |
| Drove alone / public transit, 2024 | 69.2% / 3.7% of workers | US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year (B08301) |
| Workers leaving home 6:00-8:59 a.m., 2019 vs 2022 | 92.1 million vs 83.3 million | US Census Bureau, ACSBR-018 (2024) |
| Average commute, in-office and hybrid workers | 31 minutes (84% commute up to 45 minutes) | Owl Labs, State of Hybrid Work 2025 |
Context note: the ACS shares and the 27.2-minute mean are our calculations from published 2024 1-year estimates (the Census API requires a key, so the tables were read through Census Reporter, which republishes them). Public transit fell from 5.0% of commuters in 2019 to 3.1% in 2022 (ACSBR-018), and the 2024 share of 3.7% shows only a partial recovery. ACSBR-018 is the most recent Census commuting report; it covers 2022 data.
2. Congestion Is Back, but Spread Across the Day
Fewer commuters did not mean emptier roads. Total US congestion delay reached 9.8 billion hours in 2024, up 10% from 9.2 billion in 2023, and the average commuter lost 63 hours, the equivalent of almost eight days of vacation (Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 2025 Urban Mobility Report). The cost reached 269 billion dollars, or 1,480 dollars per commuter, up 18% since 2019.
The pattern changed even as the total recovered. The report says hybrid and remote schedules “have altered when, where, and how people travel”: on freeways, over 5% of total delay has shifted out of the peak periods, and the midday window from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. is up almost 200 million hours compared with 2019 (TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report PDF). That is the traffic signature of people running errands, school runs and local trips in the middle of a home or near-home workday.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Delay per commuter, 2024 | 63 hours (highest ever measured) | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Total national delay, 2024 | 9.8 billion hours (+10% vs 2023) | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Total congestion cost, 2024 | 269 billion dollars (+16% over five years) | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Congestion cost per commuter, 2024 | 1,480 dollars (+18% since 2019) | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Fuel wasted, 2024 | 2.8 billion gallons | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Midday freeway delay vs 2019 | Up almost 200 million hours | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Delay per commuter by area size, 2024 | Very large 93, large 63, medium 49, small 41 hours | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Worst metros for delay per commuter | Los Angeles 137, San Francisco 134, New York 99 hours | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
Context note: TTI updated its fuel model with improved EPA modeling, which lowered reported fuel consumption by roughly 27% versus previous calculations, so the 2.8 billion gallons should not be compared with older editions. The study covers 101 urban areas in detail, with results applied to 494 urban areas overall.
3. The Time and Money at Stake
The value of a shorter commute is easiest to see in minutes. Working from home saves an average of 72 minutes per day across 27 countries, and workers put about 40% of that saved time back into their jobs and about 11% into caregiving (Aksoy, Barrero, Bloom, Davis, Dolls and Zarate, NBER Working Paper 30866). The authors estimated savings of about two hours per week per worker in 2021-2022 and projected about one hour per week after the pandemic. Most recent available data: NBER, 2023.
Money is the other half. Owl Labs found in-office and hybrid workers spend an average of 55 dollars on an office day (15 dollars of commuting, 9 of parking, 13 of breakfast or coffee and 18 of lunch), against about 18 dollars on a remote day, a difference of 37 dollars (Owl Labs, State of Hybrid Work 2025). IWG’s 2025 Sustainability Report cites a study with Arup across six cities finding that working close to home can cut an individual’s work-related greenhouse gas emissions by up to 90%, with modeled reductions of 49% in London and 90% in Atlanta compared with a five-day commute.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Daily commuting time saved on WFH days | 72 minutes (27 countries) | Aksoy et al., NBER Working Paper 30866 (2023) |
| Share of saved time spent on primary job | About 40% | Aksoy et al., NBER Working Paper 30866 (2023) |
| Share of saved time spent on caregiving | About 11% | Aksoy et al., NBER Working Paper 30866 (2023) |
| Spending per office day, in-office and hybrid workers | 55 dollars (61 dollars in 2024) | Owl Labs, State of Hybrid Work 2025 |
| Commuting plus parking per office day | 15 + 9 dollars | Owl Labs, State of Hybrid Work 2025 |
| Daily saving on a remote day | 37 dollars | Owl Labs, State of Hybrid Work 2025 |
| Salary share workers would give up for flexible hours | 9% on average | Owl Labs, State of Hybrid Work 2025 |
| Emissions cut from working near home (Arup modeling) | Up to 90% (London 49%, Atlanta 90%) | IWG plc, 2025 Sustainability Report |
Context note: Owl Labs surveyed 2,000 full-time US workers aged 18 and older in July 2025 (Vitreous World fieldwork); all values are self-reported. The Arup figures are modeled scenarios commissioned by IWG, which sells near-home workspace, so they are best read as an upper bound rather than an observed average. The IWG 2025 Sustainability Report does not restate the study’s fieldwork year.
4. The Donut Effect: Where Hybrid Workers Moved
The suburbs absorbed the shift that the commute statistics only hint at. City centers in the 12 largest US cities saw cumulative net outflows of 8% of their 2019 population, and 58% of the households that left simply moved further out within the same city (22% to other high-density areas, 13% to mid-density suburbs and 23% to low-density suburbs) (Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom, How working from home reshapes cities, PNAS 2024). Staying inside the metro is the hybrid tell: people moved far enough to get more space, but not so far that two or three office days became impossible.
Prices followed. The same paper documents a 15 percentage point gap in rental growth between centers and suburbs of the 12 largest cities since March 2020, a home value divergence of over 40 percentage points by September 2023, and suburban spending growing 15 points faster than city-center spending across 118 large global cities. The San Francisco Fed’s working paper finds that the shift to remote work explains over one-half of the 18.9% increase in US real house prices from 2019 to 2023, with each additional percentage point of remote work linked to a 0.92% rise in house prices (Mondragon and Wieland, FRBSF Working Paper 2022-11, revised May 2025).
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Net outflow from centers of 12 largest US cities | 8% of 2019 population | Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom, PNAS 2024 |
| Leavers who stayed in the same metro | 58% | Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom, PNAS 2024 |
| Suburban spending growth vs city centers (118 global cities) | +15 percentage points | Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom, PNAS 2024 |
| Rush-hour vehicle trips from suburbs to city center | Down 20% | Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom, PNAS 2024 |
| US driving miles vs rail transit journeys | About -6% vs -30% | Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom, PNAS 2024 |
| Share of 2019-2023 real house price rise explained by remote work | Over one-half of 18.9% (11.9% effect) | FRBSF Working Paper 2022-11 (2025 revision) |
| Prime office vacancy, Q3 2025 | Downtown 14.5% vs suburban 13.6% | CBRE, US Real Estate Market Outlook 2026 |
| Downtown share of office leasing | 30% in 2020-2024 (35% of inventory), 40% in 2025 | CBRE, US Real Estate Market Outlook 2026 |
Context note: the leasing data show the pendulum swinging partly back. CBRE reports downtown captured 40% of leasing activity in 2025, above its 35% share of inventory, after years of underperforming (CBRE, US Real Estate Market Outlook 2026: Office). The original donut paper (Ramani and Bloom, NBER Working Paper 28876) found the effect strongest in large metros and minimal in small cities.
5. Flex Space Follows Workers to the Suburbs
Operators are building where the workers now live. IWG ended 2025 with 4,609 centres, up from 3,989, after a record 1,132 signings and 782 openings, and said “the rising demand for more localised working” has put a large number of new centres in local communities, suburbs and rural areas (IWG plc, 2025 preliminary results). Its US signings include Franklin, Texas, Berwyn, Pennsylvania and Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, all towns with populations below 5,000.
The pace accelerated in 2026. IWG grew its footprint 17% to 4,974 centres by June 30, 2026, signed 728 centres in the half (496 a year earlier) and described a network that “extends from the world’s largest cities to smaller towns and regional markets” (IWG plc, H1 2026 results). Nearly all growth is capital-light: 769 of the 782 openings in 2025 were managed or franchised centres, so landlords and franchisees in suburban markets carry the property risk. How these sites manage seats day to day is covered in our desk booking and hot desking statistics.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| IWG centres open, end 2025 vs end 2024 | 4,609 vs 3,989 | IWG plc, 2025 preliminary results |
| New centre signings / openings, 2025 | 1,132 / 782 (624 openings in 2024) | IWG plc, 2025 preliminary results |
| Capital-light share of 2025 openings | 769 of 782 | IWG plc, 2025 preliminary results |
| Rooms open / signed not yet open, end 2025 | 307,000 / 227,000 | IWG plc, 2025 preliminary results |
| IWG centres open, June 30, 2026 | 4,974 (+17%) | IWG plc, H1 2026 results |
| Signings / openings, H1 2026 | 728 / 425 (H1 2025: 496 / 338) | IWG plc, H1 2026 results |
| Rooms in pipeline, June 30, 2026 | 257,000 (H1 2025: 196,000, +31%) | IWG plc, H1 2026 results |
| System-wide revenue, 2025 / H1 2026 | 4.5 billion dollars (+4%) / 2.4 billion dollars (+11%) | IWG plc, 2025 and H1 2026 results |
Context note: IWG’s Q1 2026 trading update reported 4,830 centres at the end of March, with 382 signings and 222 openings in the quarter, showing the expansion ran steadily through the first half (IWG plc, Q1 2026 trading update). IWG does not publish the share of its centres that sit outside central business districts, so the suburban tilt is described in its words, not measured.
6. The US and UK Coworking Map in 2026
Independent inventory data confirm that growth is moving down the city-size ladder. CoworkingCafe counted 9,384 US coworking locations in Q2 2026, 248 more than the previous quarter, covering 166.36 million square feet, or 2.34% of the national commercial real estate market it tracks (CoworkingCafe, U.S. Coworking Industry Report Q2 2026). Locations grew 2.7% in the quarter while square footage grew only 1.5%, and the average space shrank to 17,728 square feet: more, smaller sites, which is what a neighborhood network looks like.
The report says “the action is moving from the big metros to second- and third-tier markets, where demand still outpaces supply.” Regional and independent operators hold about 7,200 spaces, roughly 77% of the inventory. Prices favor smaller markets too: five metros, including Canton-Massillon, Ohio and Cedar Rapids, Iowa, have median memberships of 129 dollars a month, against a national median of 190 dollars (CoworkingCafe, 2026 Coworking Price Report). In the UK and Ireland, CoworkingCafe counts 4,698 flexible workspaces, with Workspace Group focusing on London and surrounding commuter corridors (CoworkingCafe, UK and Ireland Q2 2026). Shared floors bring their own noise problems, which our open-plan office distraction and acoustics statistics quantify.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| US coworking locations, Q2 2026 | 9,384 (+248 in the quarter, +2.7%) | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| US coworking floor area, Q2 2026 | 166.36 million sq ft (2.34% of tracked market) | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| Average space size, Q2 2026 | 17,728 sq ft (down 1.2%) | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| Largest operators by US locations | Regus 1,285, HQ 388, Industrious 190 | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| Regional and independent operators | About 7,200 spaces (77% of inventory) | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| Metros with most locations | Los Angeles 349, Chicago 346, Dallas-Fort Worth 338 | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| National median membership vs cheapest metros | 190 dollars vs 129 dollars a month | CoworkingCafe, 2026 Coworking Price Report |
| UK and Ireland flexible workspaces | 4,698 (Greater London 1,275, Manchester 128) | CoworkingCafe, UK and Ireland Q2 2026 |
Context note: CoworkingCafe’s two reports give different national medians (the Q2 2026 industry report lists 219 dollars per membership and 34 dollars per day pass; the September 2026 price report lists 190 and 31 dollars). We use the newer price report for prices. HQ, an IWG brand, added 10 of its 18 new spaces in the quarter in smaller locations, according to the industry report.
7. The 15-Minute City Test: How Local Daily Life Really Is
The 15-minute city is the planning theory behind near-home work. Carlos Moreno and co-authors defined it in 2021 as neighbourhoods where essential services sit “within a short distance,” a paper that Crossref now lists as cited by 1,791 works (Moreno, Allam, Chabaud, Gall and Pratlong, Smart Cities 2021). Behavior lags the theory: GPS data from 40 million US mobile devices show the median resident makes only 14% of daily consumption trips within a 15-minute walk of home, and differences in local amenity access explain 84% of the variation across urban areas and 74% within them (Abbiasov et al., Nature Human Behaviour 2024).
Suburbs are the hard case. A 2025 systematic review of 87 papers found most 15-minute city research focuses on urban cores and identified digitalisation and “adapted governance and business models” as underexplored enablers for car-dependent outskirts (Arias-Molinares et al., European Transport Research Review 2025). A local workspace is exactly that kind of business model. On the commute itself, 25.2% of US commuters already reach work in under 15 minutes ((4,016,189 + 13,437,083 + 18,708,412) / 143,334,080, ACS 2024 table B08303), while 14.4% of EU workers sometimes worked from home in 2025, up from 9.2% in 2019 (Eurostat, lfsa_ehomp). Teams that split work across home, local hubs and headquarters also lean on secure remote access, a trend tracked in our corporate VPN usage statistics.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Consumption trips within a 15-minute walk, median US resident | 14% | Abbiasov et al., Nature Human Behaviour 2024 |
| Variation in 15-minute usage explained by amenity access | 84% across, 74% within urban areas | Abbiasov et al., Nature Human Behaviour 2024 |
| US commuters reaching work in under 15 minutes, 2024 | 25.2% | US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year (B08303) |
| Papers in 15-minute city outskirts review | 87 | Arias-Molinares et al., European Transport Research Review 2025 |
| EU workers usually / sometimes working from home, 2025 | 8.9% / 14.4% (2019: 5.5% / 9.2%) | Eurostat, lfsa_ehomp (updated September 2026) |
| US employed people working at home on days worked, 2025 | 35% (bachelor’s or higher 51%, high school only 19%) | BLS, American Time Use Survey 2025 |
| US paid workdays from home, September 2026 | About 26% | WFH Research, SWAA October 2026 |
| Remote-capable US employees hybrid / remote / on-site, May 2026 | 52% / 26% / 22% | Gallup, Hybrid Work indicator 2026 |
Context note: the EU series shows a quiet split. “Usually” working from home fell from a 13.5% peak in 2021 to 8.9% in 2025, while “sometimes” kept rising every year, the hybrid pattern that sends people to a workplace part of the week. US measures differ by design: the BLS American Time Use Survey counts any work at home on a day worked, WFH Research counts full paid days and Gallup surveys only remote-capable employees.
Summary: Suburban Coworking & Commute by the Numbers
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Hours lost to congestion per commuter, 2024 | 63 (record) | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Congestion cost, 2024 | 269 billion dollars (1,480 per commuter) | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| Midday freeway delay vs 2019 | Up almost 200 million hours | TTI, 2025 Urban Mobility Report |
| US workers working from home, 2024 | 13.3% (5.7% in 2019) | US Census Bureau, ACS 2024; ACSBR-018 |
| Mean one-way commute, 2024 | About 27.2 minutes | US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year |
| Commuters traveling 60+ minutes, 2024 | 9.3% | US Census Bureau, ACS 2024 1-year |
| Time saved per WFH day | 72 minutes | NBER Working Paper 30866 (2023) |
| Spending per office day vs remote day | 55 vs 18 dollars | Owl Labs, State of Hybrid Work 2025 |
| Net outflow from centers of 12 largest US cities | 8% of 2019 population | PNAS 2024 |
| City-center leavers who stayed in the metro | 58% | PNAS 2024 |
| Share of 2019-2023 house price rise explained by remote work | Over one-half | FRBSF Working Paper 2022-11 |
| Prime office vacancy downtown vs suburban, Q3 2025 | 14.5% vs 13.6% | CBRE, 2026 Outlook |
| IWG centres open, June 30, 2026 | 4,974 (+17%) | IWG plc, H1 2026 results |
| IWG signings, 2025 / H1 2026 | 1,132 / 728 | IWG plc, 2025 and H1 2026 results |
| US coworking locations, Q2 2026 | 9,384 | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| Coworking share of tracked commercial real estate | 2.34% | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| Independent and regional share of US coworking inventory | About 77% | CoworkingCafe, Q2 2026 |
| Consumption trips within a 15-minute walk | 14% (median resident) | Nature Human Behaviour 2024 |
| EU workers sometimes working from home, 2025 | 14.4% | Eurostat, lfsa_ehomp |
Methodology and Sources
Every figure above was read during research for this article in a government dataset or release, a company filing, a peer-reviewed paper or an organization’s published report. Where we calculated a share from published counts, the arithmetic is shown in the text.
- US Census Bureau: American Community Survey 2024 1-year, tables B08301, B08303 and B08135 (via Census Reporter), Commuting in the United States: 2022 (ACSBR-018, February 2024)
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute: 2025 Urban Mobility Report landing page, full report PDF
- NBER: Aksoy et al., Time Savings When Working from Home, Working Paper 30866 (2023), Ramani and Bloom, The Donut Effect of Covid-19 on Cities, Working Paper 28876
- Owl Labs: State of Hybrid Work 2025, US report
- Ramani, Alcedo and Bloom: How working from home reshapes cities, PNAS 2024 (Europe PMC record)
- Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco: Mondragon and Wieland, Housing Demand and Remote Work, Working Paper 2022-11 (revised May 2025)
- CBRE: US Real Estate Market Outlook 2026, Office chapter
- IWG plc: 2025 preliminary results (March 3, 2026), Q1 2026 trading update (May 12, 2026), H1 2026 results (August 11, 2026), 2025 Sustainability Report
- CoworkingCafe: U.S. Coworking Industry Report Q2 2026 (July 23, 2026), 2026 Coworking Price Report (September 9, 2026), UK and Ireland Coworking Report Q2 2026 (July 29, 2026)
- 15-minute city research: Moreno et al., Smart Cities 2021 (Crossref record), Abbiasov et al., Nature Human Behaviour 2024, Arias-Molinares et al., European Transport Research Review 2025
- Eurostat: Employed persons working from home, lfsa_ehomp (updated September 10, 2026)
- US Bureau of Labor Statistics: American Time Use Survey 2025 (June 25, 2026)
- WFH Research: SWAA monthly update, October 2026
- Gallup: Hybrid Work indicator (May 2026 data)
- Data watch: There is no single published measure of suburban coworking demand. IWG describes its suburban and small-town expansion qualitatively and does not publish a CBD versus non-CBD split; IWG’s results press release and presentation also give different managed-and-franchised location shares (41% vs 33%), so neither is used here. CoworkingCafe’s two 2026 reports disagree on national medians (219 vs 190 dollars per membership), and its data are proprietary. We could not cross-check flex-market size with a second firm: JLL’s flex page returned a 404, CBRE’s 2026 outlook contains no flex chapter, and Cushman and Wakefield data were not reachable without search. The ACS 2024 figures were read through Census Reporter because the Census API requires a key and census.gov QuickFacts returned 403; the derived shares (13.3%, 9.3%, 3.0%, 25.2%, 27.2 minutes) are our arithmetic. The time-savings estimate (NBER, 2023), the Census commuting report (2022 data), the 15-minute city definition (2021) and the Arup emissions modeling cited by IWG are the most recent available of their kind. No Federal Reserve Bank of New York study on suburban workspace or commuting could be located on its staff-report pages. ACS 2025 1-year estimates and TTI’s next Urban Mobility Report should update sections 1 and 2.
Last updated: October 3, 2026. We update this roundup quarterly, and the next refresh is expected when IWG publishes its Q3 2026 trading update and the Census Bureau releases the 2025 American Community Survey 1-year commuting estimates.