Carpal tunnel syndrome kept the median affected US worker off the job for 28 days in 2023-2024, 3.5 times the 8-day median for all workplace injuries and illnesses, and 47.8% of cases lasted a month or longer (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, Table R67, 2023-2024). Employers reported 5,210 days-away carpal tunnel cases over those two years combined, down from 8,620 in 2011 alone. The disorder is far more common than lost-time counts suggest: 7.8% of workers in US hand-intensive jobs met a strict case definition at enrollment in a pooled study, and new cases arrived at 2.3 per 100 person-years. It sits inside the wider picture of overexertion and strain injuries tracked in our workplace injury statistics. We aggregated data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the UK Health and Safety Executive, peer-reviewed cohorts in JAMA, Neurology and Occupational and Environmental Medicine, a Cochrane review, and Washington State workers’ compensation research.
TL;DR
- 5,210 US private-industry carpal tunnel cases involved days away from work in 2023-2024 combined (BLS, Table R67).
- Median time away: 28 days for carpal tunnel vs 8 days for all natures (BLS, Table R67, 2023-2024).
- 47.8% of carpal tunnel days-away cases lasted 31+ days, vs 28.3% of all cases (BLS, Table R67, 2023-2024).
- Manufacturing produced 2,020 of the 5,210 cases (BLS, Table R1, 2023-2024).
- 14.4% of Swedish adults reported median-nerve hand symptoms; 2.7% had confirmed CTS (Atroshi et al., JAMA 1999).
- Pooled incidence in US hand-intensive jobs: 2.3 cases per 100 person-years (Dale et al., Scand J Work Environ Health 2013).
- Meat and fish processing carried an odds ratio of 76.5 for CTS (van Rijn et al., systematic review 2009).
- High forceful repetition raised incident CTS risk by a hazard ratio of 1.84 (Harris-Adamson et al., OEM 2015).
- Keyboarding meta-odds ratio: 1.11, not statistically significant (Mediouni et al., JOEM 2014).
- Surgeons recommend a median 3 days off after release for desk work and 30 for heavy manual work (von Bergen et al., Hand 2023).
- Washington CTS claimants recovered only about half of pre-injury earnings after 6 years (Foley et al., Am J Ind Med 2007).
- 211,000 British workers had work-related upper limb or neck disorders in 2024/25 (HSE, 2025).
1. Lost Workdays: Fewer Cases, Still Among the Longest Absences
Carpal tunnel syndrome is no longer a high-volume injury in US data, but it remains one of the most expensive in time. The median days-away case lasted 28 days in 2023-2024, and when a worker was moved to restricted duty or another job instead, the median stretched to 54 days (BLS, Table R67, 2023-2024). That is longer than a sprain (13 days) and close to a fracture (40 days), which tells employers that a slow-onset nerve disorder can cost as much schedule disruption as an acute trauma.
The volume trend points the other way. BLS counted 8,620 days-away cases in 2011 and 5,050 in 2018, single-year figures, while the 2023-2024 biennial table shows 5,210 for two years combined, roughly 2,605 per year (5,210 / 2). The share of long absences barely moved: 49.2% of 2011 cases ran 31 days or more, against 47.8% (2,490 / 5,210) in 2023-2024. Fewer people are reported, but those who are still lose about a month or more.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| CTS days-away (DAFW) cases, 2023-2024 combined | 5,210 | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| CTS cases with restricted work or job transfer (DJTR), 2023-2024 | 2,500 (median 54 days) | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| CTS total DART cases, 2023-2024 | 7,710 (median 52 days) | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| Median days away: CTS vs all natures | 28 vs 8 days | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| CTS cases lasting 31+ days | 2,490 of 5,210 (47.8%); all natures 28.3% | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| Median days away, comparison natures | Sprains, strains, tears 13; fractures 40 | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| CTS DAFW cases, earlier years | 8,620 (2011, median 30); 5,050 (2018, median 30) | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2011 and 2018 |
| CTS DAFW cases, 2021-2022 combined | 6,670 (median 45 days) | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2021-2022 |
Context note: BLS switched to two-year combined tables for 2021-2022 and 2023-2024, so these totals must be halved before comparing them with single-year 2011 or 2018 figures. All private-industry days-away cases totaled 1,834,600 in 2023-2024 (BLS, Employer-Reported Workplace Injuries and Illnesses, 2023-2024), so carpal tunnel was about 0.3% of them (5,210 / 1,834,600).
2. Industries and Occupations: A Factory-Floor Disorder
The popular image of carpal tunnel syndrome is an office worker at a keyboard. The federal data say otherwise. Manufacturing generated 2,020 of the 5,210 days-away cases in 2023-2024 (38.8%), and production occupations 1,900 (36.5%), while office and administrative support jobs accounted for 500 (9.6%) (BLS, SOII case and demographic tables, 2023-2024). Manufacturing’s rate of 0.8 cases per 10,000 full-time workers is four times the private-industry rate of 0.2.
Service work is not exempt. Accommodation and food services logged 510 cases and health care and social assistance 440, and transportation and material moving occupations 520. Almost every case is coded to the wrist (5,180 of 5,210), which is consistent with forceful, repeated gripping rather than general arm strain. For how employers are redesigning these tasks, see our workplace ergonomics statistics.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| CTS DAFW cases, goods-producing vs service-providing | 2,150 vs 3,060 | BLS, SOII Table R1, 2023-2024 |
| CTS DAFW cases by industry | Manufacturing 2,020; accommodation and food 510; health care 440; retail 320; transportation and warehousing 210 | BLS, SOII Table R1, 2023-2024 |
| CTS incidence rate per 10,000 FTE | Manufacturing 0.8; goods-producing 0.5; accommodation and food 0.3; private industry 0.2 | BLS, SOII Table R5, 2023-2024 |
| CTS DAFW cases by occupation | Production 1,900; transportation and material moving 520; office and admin support 500; installation and repair 410; food preparation 400 | BLS, SOII Table R9, 2023-2024 |
| Management, business and financial occupations | 50 cases | BLS, SOII Table R9, 2023-2024 |
| CTS cases coded to the wrist | 5,180 of 5,210 | BLS, SOII Table R13, 2023-2024 |
| Highest-risk jobs in Washington claims, 1984-1988 | Food processing, carpentry, egg production, wood products, logging | Franklin et al., AJPH 1991 |
Context note: BLS’s musculoskeletal disorder table, which uses a slightly narrower definition, counts 5,140 carpal tunnel days-away cases and an annualized rate of 0.2 per 10,000 workers in 2023-2024, against 484,620 MSD days-away cases overall (BLS, MSD by nature table, 2023-2024).
3. How Common It Really Is: Prevalence and Incidence
Lost-time counts capture only the cases serious enough to keep someone off work and reported by an employer. Population studies show a much larger base. In a random sample of Swedish adults, 14.4% reported hand symptoms in the median-nerve distribution, but only 2.7% had carpal tunnel syndrome confirmed by both clinical exam and nerve conduction testing (Atroshi et al., JAMA, 1999). Roughly 1 in 5 symptomatic people turned out to have confirmed CTS, and 18.4% of symptom-free controls still showed nerve conduction abnormalities.
Workplaces with heavy hand use run well above that baseline. Six US prospective studies at more than 50 workplaces found 7.8% of 4,321 workers met a common case definition at enrollment, with incidence of 2.3 per 100 person-years (Dale et al., Scand J Work Environ Health, 2013). Case definitions alone move prevalence between 6.3% and 11.7% in the same pooled cohort, a reminder that headline rates depend heavily on how a study draws the line. Most recent available data for general-population incidence: Mayo Clinic’s Olmsted County series (1981-2005) and UK surveillance (1991-2001).
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Adults with median-nerve hand symptoms (Sweden) | 14.4% of 2,466 respondents | Atroshi et al., JAMA 1999 |
| Clinically and electrophysiologically confirmed CTS | 2.7% (66 people) | Atroshi et al., JAMA 1999 |
| Prevalence at enrollment, US hand-intensive workplaces | 7.8% of 4,321 workers | Dale et al., Scand J Work Environ Health 2013 |
| Incidence, US hand-intensive workplaces | 2.3 cases per 100 person-years | Dale et al., Scand J Work Environ Health 2013 |
| Prevalence range by case definition | 6.3% to 11.7% (N=3,130) | Dale et al., Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014 |
| Incidence, Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1981-2005 | 491 per 100,000 (women) vs 258 (men); 376 combined | Gelfman et al., Neurology 2009 |
| Incidence trend, Olmsted County | 258 per 100,000 (1981-1985) to 424 (2000-2005) | Gelfman et al., Neurology 2009 |
| Pooled global prevalence (30+ studies, 5.3 million people) | 14.4% (95% CI 6.7% to 28.2%) | Gebrye et al., Musculoskeletal Care 2024 |
Context note: in the Mayo Clinic series the incidence of work-related CTS averaged 11 per 100,000, against 109 per 100,000 for carpal tunnel release surgery overall (Gelfman et al., Neurology, 2009). UK surveillance in East Kent found 139.4 cases per 100,000 women and 67.2 per 100,000 men a year, with a first age peak at 50-54 (Bland et al., JNNP 2003). The very wide confidence interval in the 2024 global meta-analysis reflects mixed definitions across its studies.
4. What Actually Drives Occupational Risk: Force, Repetition and Vibration
The occupational evidence is strongest for hard, repetitive gripping, not for posture alone. A systematic review found odds ratios of 76.5 for meat and fish processing, 21.3 for forestry work with chain saws and 11.4 for electronic assembly (van Rijn et al., Scand J Work Environ Health, 2009). The same review tied CTS to average hand force above 4 kg and daily hand-arm vibration of 3.9 m/s2, and found no association with any psychosocial factor in the studies it covered.
Newer prospective data sharpen the picture into dose-response terms. In a pooled cohort of 2,474 workers followed for 5,102 person-years, peak hand force roughly doubled the hazard of new CTS (Harris-Adamson et al., OEM, 2015). An overview of ten systematic reviews covering 143 studies rated the evidence high-quality for repetition, force and combined exposures, moderate for vibration and low for wrist posture (Kozak et al., BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2015). Job design, in other words, is the lever.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio, meat and fish processing | 76.5 | van Rijn et al., systematic review 2009 |
| Odds ratio, chain saw forestry work / electronic assembly | 21.3 / 11.4 | van Rijn et al., systematic review 2009 |
| Peak hand force, analyst-estimated | HR 2.17 (95% CI 1.38 to 3.43) | Harris-Adamson et al., OEM 2015 |
| Forceful repetition rate | HR 1.84 (95% CI 1.19 to 2.86) | Harris-Adamson et al., OEM 2015 |
| Share of time in forceful exertions (duty cycle) | HR 2.05 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.15) | Harris-Adamson et al., OEM 2015 |
| Above the ACGIH hand-activity threshold limit value | RR 2.0 (95% CI 1.46 to 2.82) | Kozak et al., BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015 |
| High job strain / social support | HR 1.86 / HR 0.54 | Harris-Adamson et al., OEM 2013 |
| First 3.5 years in a job | HR 3.08 (95% CI 1.55 to 6.12) | Harris-Adamson et al., OEM 2013 |
Context note: the psychosocial findings conflict. The 2009 review found no psychosocial association, while the 2013 pooled cohort of 3,515 workers linked high job strain to higher risk (Harris-Adamson et al., OEM, 2013).
5. Keyboards, Mice and Office Work: Weaker Evidence Than the Myth
Computer work is the most common assumed cause and the least supported one. A 2014 meta-analysis of six studies found a meta-odds ratio of 1.11 for keyboarding and 1.94 for mouse use, neither statistically significant (Mediouni et al., JOEM, 2014). An earlier systematic review concluded there was insufficient epidemiological evidence that computer work causes CTS (Thomsen, Gerr and Atroshi, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2008).
That does not mean office hands feel fine. At a Mayo Clinic facility, 29.6% of frequent computer users reported hand tingling, yet only 3.5% had CTS confirmed by nerve conduction, a frequency the authors judged similar to the general population. The one consistent signal is heavy mouse use: Danish workers using a mouse more than 20 hours a week had higher risk of possible CTS. For context on how much typing modern jobs involve, see our typing speed statistics.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Meta-odds ratio, computer use | 1.67 (95% CI 0.79 to 3.55) | Mediouni et al., JOEM 2014 |
| Meta-odds ratio, keyboard / mouse | 1.11 / 1.94 (both CIs cross 1) | Mediouni et al., JOEM 2014 |
| Danish workers with tingling or numbness at baseline | 10.9% of 6,943 | Andersen et al., JAMA 2003 |
| Interview-confirmed possible CTS / new symptoms at 1 year | 4.8% / 5.5% | Andersen et al., JAMA 2003 |
| Frequent computer users with hand paresthesias (Mayo Clinic) | 29.6% | Stevens et al., Neurology 2001 |
| Met clinical criteria / confirmed by nerve conduction | 10.5% / 3.5% | Stevens et al., Neurology 2001 |
| Arm support plus alternative mouse, right upper limb MSD incidence | RR 0.73 (95% CI 0.32 to 1.66) | Hoe et al., Cochrane Review 2018 |
Context note: the Cochrane review of 15 trials and 2,165 office workers found moderate-quality evidence that an arm support with an alternative mouse cut neck or shoulder disorders (RR 0.52), but not right upper limb disorders (Hoe et al., Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018). Hand-intensive clinical work shows a clearer signal: a meta-analysis of 4,563 endoscopists put career CTS prevalence at 5.3% (Singh et al., Endoscopy 2024). Most recent available data for computer-user cohorts: 2001-2003.
6. Surgery and Return to Work
Carpal tunnel release is one of the most common hand operations in the US, and the main variable for employers is how fast people get back. A national study of 2010-2021 identified 1,767,820 open and 441,023 endoscopic releases, with the endoscopic share rising from 15.7% to 26.1% (Ratnasamy et al., JAAOS Global Research and Reviews, 2024). Surgeon guidance now scales absence to the job: a median of 3 days for desk work and 30 days for heavy manual labor (von Bergen et al., Hand, 2023).
Those recommendations are much shorter than what BLS sees in lost-time cases, where the median is 28 days. The gap is partly selection (BLS counts cases with at least one lost day, often heavy jobs) and partly the long tail of recovery. OrthoInfo notes that grip and pinch strength usually return about 2 to 3 months after surgery, and that complete recovery may take up to a year in severe cases (AAOS OrthoInfo, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome).
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Carpal tunnel releases in US ambulatory surgery, 2006 | 576,924 (95% CI 459,239 to 694,609) | Jain et al., BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014 |
| Open vs endoscopic releases, 2010-2021 | 1,767,820 vs 441,023 | Ratnasamy et al., JAAOS Global 2024 |
| Endoscopic share of releases | 15.7% (2010) to 26.1% (2021) | Ratnasamy et al., JAAOS Global 2024 |
| National utilization change, 2013-2021 | Open +6%, endoscopic +50% | Gill et al., Orthopedics 2025 |
| Surgeon-recommended return, median | Desk 3 days; light repetitive 10 days; heavy manual 30 days | von Bergen et al., Hand 2023 (n=632 surgeons) |
| Typical reported return by technique | Open 4 to 6 weeks; endoscopic 2 to 4 weeks; ultrasound-guided about 10 to 21 days | Lobos et al., Medicina 2026 |
| Return to modified / full duty after release | 11.8 / 18.9 days on average (65 patients) | Cowan et al., J Hand Surg Am 2012 |
| Projected Medicare open releases by 2040 | 424,271 (2.0% a year) | Mastrokostas et al., Hand 2026 |
Context note: compensation status matters. A meta-analysis of 20 studies found patients with workers’ compensation had about twice the risk of an unsatisfactory result after orthopaedic surgery (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.82) (de Moraes et al., PLoS One, 2012). In the Cowan study, desk-based work and patient expectations, catastrophic thinking and pain anxiety predicted return timing.
7. Workers’ Compensation Costs and the UK Picture
The most detailed US cost data come from Washington State workers’ compensation research, which followed claimants for years. Six years after a claim, carpal tunnel claimants had recovered only about half of their pre-injury earnings level, with cumulative excess lost earnings of 197 to 382 million dollars across 4,443 workers (Foley et al., American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2007). Time-loss periods were three times longer than for upper extremity fracture claimants. Most recent available data: Washington claims research, 1984-2007.
Great Britain publishes fresher, broader figures. 511,000 workers had a work-related musculoskeletal disorder in 2024/25, 41% of them (211,000) in the upper limbs or neck, and the main causes cited are manual handling, awkward or tiring positions and repetitive action including keyboard work (HSE, Work-related musculoskeletal disorders statistics in Great Britain, 2025). As remote and hybrid setups move keyboard time out of the office, as tracked in our remote work statistics, that last category is the one employers control least.
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Average direct cost per CTS claim, Washington 1987-1995 | 12,794 dollars (median 4,190) | Silverstein et al., AJPH 1998 |
| CTS claims rate, Washington 1987-1995 | 27.3 per 10,000 FTE (all hand/wrist 98.2) | Silverstein et al., AJPH 1998 |
| Occupational CTS claims, Washington 1984-1988 | 7,926 claims; 1.74 per 1,000 FTE; mean age 37.4 | Franklin et al., AJPH 1991 |
| Cumulative excess lost earnings, 6 years | 197 to 382 million dollars (4,443 claimants) | Foley et al., Am J Ind Med 2007 |
| GB workers with work-related MSDs, 2024/25 | 511,000 (173,000 new cases) | HSE, 2025 |
| GB upper limb or neck MSDs, 2024/25 | 211,000 (41%); 11.4 days lost per case | HSE, 2025 |
| GB working days lost to MSDs, 2024/25 | 7.1 million; 27% of work-related ill health cases | HSE, 2025 |
| GB MSD rate by occupation, 2022/23-2024/25 | Skilled trades 2,630 and process, plant and machine operatives 2,470 per 100,000 (all 1,180) | HSE, 2025 |
Context note: Washington’s occupational CTS claimants had a female-to-male ratio of only 1.2:1 (Franklin et al., 1991), against nearly 2:1 in Mayo Clinic population incidence, a sign that job exposure narrows the usual sex gap. HSE says MSD rates had been falling before the pandemic and are now similar to the 2018/19 level.
Summary: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome by the Numbers
| Metric | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| US CTS days-away cases, 2023-2024 combined | 5,210 | BLS, SOII Table R67 |
| Median days away, CTS vs all injuries | 28 vs 8 | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| CTS cases lasting 31+ days | 47.8% | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| Median days, restricted work or job transfer | 54 | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2023-2024 |
| CTS days-away cases, 2011 | 8,620 | BLS, SOII Table R67, 2011 |
| Manufacturing share of cases | 2,020 of 5,210 | BLS, SOII Table R1, 2023-2024 |
| Production occupation cases | 1,900 | BLS, SOII Table R9, 2023-2024 |
| Adults with median-nerve symptoms / confirmed CTS | 14.4% / 2.7% | Atroshi et al., JAMA 1999 |
| Prevalence in US hand-intensive workplaces | 7.8% | Dale et al., 2013 |
| Incidence in US hand-intensive workplaces | 2.3 per 100 person-years | Dale et al., 2013 |
| Population incidence, women vs men | 491 vs 258 per 100,000 | Gelfman et al., Neurology 2009 |
| Odds ratio, meat and fish processing | 76.5 | van Rijn et al., 2009 |
| Above ACGIH hand-activity TLV | RR 2.0 | Kozak et al., 2015 |
| Keyboarding meta-odds ratio | 1.11 (not significant) | Mediouni et al., JOEM 2014 |
| Endoscopic share of releases, 2021 | 26.1% | Ratnasamy et al., 2024 |
| Recommended return, desk vs heavy manual | 3 vs 30 days | von Bergen et al., Hand 2023 |
| Washington CTS claim direct cost (1987-1995) | 12,794 dollars average | Silverstein et al., AJPH 1998 |
| Earnings recovered after 6 years | About half of pre-injury level | Foley et al., 2007 |
| GB upper limb or neck MSDs, 2024/25 | 211,000 | HSE, 2025 |
Methodology and Sources
Every figure above was read during research for this article in a BLS data table, a government statistics report or a peer-reviewed abstract retrieved through Europe PMC. Percentages marked with a division (for example 2,490 / 5,210) were calculated by us from the published counts. Numbers that circulate on listicle sites without a primary document were excluded.
- US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses: case and demographic characteristics tables index, Table R67, 2023-2024, Tables R1, R5, R9 and R13 for 2023-2024, MSD by nature table, 2023-2024, historical Table R67 for 2018, 2011 and 2021-2022
- BLS: Employer-Reported Workplace Injuries and Illnesses, 2023-2024 (January 2026)
- UK Health and Safety Executive: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders statistics in Great Britain, 2025
- Atroshi et al., Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population, JAMA 1999
- Dale et al., Prevalence and incidence of CTS in US working populations, Scand J Work Environ Health 2013; Dale et al., Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014 (case definitions)
- Gelfman et al., Long-term trends in carpal tunnel syndrome, Neurology 2009; Bland et al., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; Gebrye et al., Musculoskeletal Care 2024
- van Rijn et al., Associations between work-related factors and CTS, Scand J Work Environ Health 2009; Kozak et al., BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2015; Harris-Adamson et al., OEM 2015 and OEM 2013
- Mediouni et al., JOEM 2014; Thomsen, Gerr and Atroshi, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2008; Andersen et al., JAMA 2003; Stevens et al., Neurology 2001; Hoe et al., Cochrane Review 2018; Singh et al., Endoscopy 2024
- Ratnasamy et al., JAAOS Global 2024; von Bergen et al., Hand 2023; Jain et al., BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; Gill et al., Orthopedics 2025; Lobos et al., Medicina 2026; Cowan et al., J Hand Surg Am 2012; Mastrokostas et al., Hand 2026; de Moraes et al., PLoS One 2012
- Foley et al., Am J Ind Med 2007; Silverstein et al., AJPH 1998; Franklin et al., AJPH 1991
- American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: OrthoInfo, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Data watch: BLS publishes 2021-2022 and 2023-2024 as two-year combined counts, while 2011 and 2018 are single years, so the decline is real but must be compared on an annualized basis; the BLS MSD table (5,140 cases) and the all-natures table (5,210) differ slightly because of the MSD definition. BLS covers private industry only and counts employer-reported cases, which systematically undercounts slow-onset disorders that are never reported or are treated outside workers’ compensation. Prevalence varies widely with case definition (6.3% to 11.7% in one cohort; 14.4% pooled globally with a CI of 6.7% to 28.2%), so prevalence figures from different studies should not be compared directly. Population incidence (Mayo Clinic 1981-2005, UK 1991-2001), computer-user cohorts (2001-2003) and Washington State cost data (1984-2007) are the most recent available sources for those measures; cost figures are in nominal dollars of the study period and have not been inflation-adjusted. The NINDS fact sheet and PubMed pages returned 403 or cookie walls, so study abstracts were read via the Europe PMC API, and the Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index could not be read and was excluded.
Last updated: October 3, 2026. We update this roundup quarterly, and the next refresh is expected when BLS publishes its 2025 Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses data and HSE releases its 2026 musculoskeletal disorder statistics for Great Britain.